@article {1792, title = { Tannin Gels and Their Carbon Derivatives: A Review }, journal = { BIOMOLECULES }, volume = {9}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Tannins are one of the most natural, non-toxic, and highly reactive aromatic biomolecules classified as polyphenols. The reactive phenolic compounds present in their chemical structure can be an alternative precursor for the preparation of several polymeric materials for applications in distinct industries: adhesives and coatings, leather tanning, wood protection, wine manufacture, animal feed industries, and recently also in the production of new porous materials (i.e., foams and gels). Among these new polymeric materials synthesized with tannins, organic and carbon gels have shown remarkable textural and physicochemical properties. Thus, this review presents and discusses the available studies on organic and carbon gels produced from tannin feedstock and how their properties are related to the different operating conditions, hence causing their cross-linking reaction mechanisms. Moreover, the steps during tannin gels preparation, such as the gelation and curing processes (under normal or hydrothermal conditions), solvent extraction, and gel drying approaches (i.e., supercritical, subcritical, and freeze-drying) as well as the methods available for their carbonization (i.e., pyrolysis and activation) are presented and discussed. Findings from organic and carbon tannin gels features demonstrate that their physicochemical and textural properties can vary greatly depending on the synthesis parameters, drying conditions, and carbonization methods. Research is still ongoing on the improvement of tannin gels synthesis and properties, but the review evaluates the application of these highly porous materials in multidisciplinary areas of science and engineering, including thermal insulation, contaminant sorption in drinking water and wastewater, and electrochemistry. Finally, the substitution of phenolic materials (i.e., phenol and resorcinol) by tannin in the production of gels could be beneficial to both the bioeconomy and the environment due to its low-cost, bio-based, non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic characteristics.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-02346433}, author = {F.L. BRAGHIROLI and G. AMARAL-LABAT and A.F.N. BOSS and C. LACOSTE and A. PIZZI} } @article {1627, title = { Environmental sustainability of bark valorisation into biofoam and syngas }, journal = { JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION }, volume = {125}, year = {2016}, pages = {33-43}, abstract = {

Conventional foams derived from petroleum are extensively used for insulating uses. Research into alternative sources to petroleum based chemicals is attracting a great deal of attention. Softwood bark and in special, maritime pine bark from European forests is an abundant co-product from forest industries. In this study, the production of formaldehyde-free tannin based biofoams to be used as building insulation materials was environmentally assessed using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology (cradle to-grave approach) as well as their valorisation into bioenergy (electricity and thermal energy) at end of their life cycle by means of their gasification into tar-free syngas and its further combustion in a CHP unit. The production chain was divided into four subsystems: forest activities (SS1), sawmill (SS2), biofoams production (SS3) and bioenergy production (SS4). Wherever possible, primary data from pilot plants were managed. Since two main co-products are obtained, three different approaches were considered and discussed: total allocation of environmental burdens to the electricity (main product), exergy based allocation and system expansion.

According to the results, SS3 was identified as the environmental hotspot regardless the impact category considered for assessment. The large requirements of electricity in the tannin extraction unit as well as the production of chemicals required for the biofoam formulation were the responsible factors of these notable contributions. Special attention should also be paid to the uncontrolled pentane emissions associated to the biofoam formulation, specifically in terms of photochemicals oxidant formation.

Remarkable environmental benefits were obtained in terms of climate change, fossil fuels depletion as well as in some toxicity related impact categories in comparison with the petroleum based foams, mainly based on the use of an abundant renewable source as raw material to produce the foams. Improvement actions should look at the reduction (or even recovery) of chemicals used, the control of diffuse emissions (e.g. pentane from evaporation unit and CHP unit) as well as the installation of a cogeneration unit to produce the electricity requirements to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01827419}, author = {S. GONZALEZ-GARCIA and C. LACOSTE and T. AICHER and G. FEIJOO and L. LIJO and M.T. MOREIRA} } @article {1549, title = { Biobased foams from condensed tannin extracts from Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {144-153}, abstract = {

Different kinds of tannin-based foams were developed in the recent past with fisetinidin/robetinidin-type tannins extracted from mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) or quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzi) bark; or procyanidin-type tannins from pine (Pious pinaster and Pinus radiata). These biobased porous products revealed excellent properties similar to their synthetic counterparts in many applications. Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark is another large potential source of procyanidin-type tannins. In this study rigid and homogeneous foams were produced from purified tannins containing at least 80\% of polyflavonoid condensed tannins. This paper deals with the study of spruce tannins reactivity for rigid foam formulations. Characterization results have point out their very good mechanical resistance (sigma \> 0.08 MPa), and low thermal conductivities (lambda \< 0.045 W/m/K) at low densities (d \< 50kg/m3).

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01294580}, author = {C. LACOSTE and M. COP and K. KEMPPAINEN and S. GIOVANDO and A. PIZZI and M.P. LABORIE and M. SERNEK and A. CELZARD} } @article {1542, title = {The effect of the composition of spruce and pine tannin-based foams on their physical, morphological and compression properties}, journal = {INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, volume = {74}, year = {2015}, pages = {158-164}, abstract = {

Tannin-based foams were successfully prepared, using Norway spruce and maritime pine tannins. Various parameters, including the amount of procyanidins, were varied in order to observe the effect of changes in the density of the foam, on the structure its pores, and on the homogeneity, compressive strength, and compressive modulus of the foams. It was found that an optimum amount of spruce tannin exists, which results in a foam with the lowest density whereas the amount of cross-linker affects homogeneity, and the foam morphology is defined by the surfactant A partial replacement of pine tannin with spruce tannin decreased the foaming temperature and led to decreased compressive strength and a decreased compressive modulus of the foams. The main attribute affecting the reaction was the amount of polyphenols, or the amount of impurities (cellulosic sugars) present in the tannin extract.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-01599795}, author = {M. COP and C. LACOSTE and M. CONRADI and M.P. LABORIE and A. PIZZI and M. SERNEK} } @article {1570, title = { Flavonoid tannins linked to long carbohydrate chains - MALDI-TOF analysis of the tannin extract of the African locust bean shells }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {67}, year = {2015}, pages = {25-32}, abstract = {

Nere (Parkia biglobosa) or African locust bean tree tannins have been extracted in two different ways: (i) by an artisanal maceration method and (ii) by a commercial-like extraction in presence of bisulfite. The type of oligomers obtained in the two cases were rather different. Mostly polyphenolic oligomers are present in the case of the commercial like extraction, while for the artisanal maceration technique the unusual presence of long carbohydrate residues attached to the flavonoids were obtained. MALDI-TOF analysis showed short flavonoid oligomers linked to chains presenting up to 22 carbohydrate residues. Some stilbenes were also noticed in the extracts. These differences in the extracts obtained by different methods indicates that an extraction procedure needs to be chosen according to the final use the tannin extract is destined to.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01598433}, author = {S. DROVOU and A. PIZZI and C. LACOSTE and J.Z. ZHANG and S. ABDULLA and F.M. EL-MARZOUKI} } @article {1548, title = { Natural albumin/tannin cellular foams }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {73}, year = {2015}, pages = {41-48}, abstract = {

Albumin/tannin-based foams were prepared under alkaline or acid conditions by whipping up a water solution of a protein, egg albumin, mixed with a second water solution of condensed flavonoid tannins. Foam formulations with 4 different condensed tannin bark extracts and different relative proportions of protein and tannin were developed with a rapid foaming process where the protein has a double function: co-reagent and surfactant as well. Physical properties such as mechanical performance, thermal conductivity, and porous structure were characterised to identify the large potential of applications of these new cellular foams, fully bio-based and probable easier biodegradability. Moreover, some albumin-based foams were found to be completely flexible in certain conditions.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01294576}, author = {C. LACOSTE and M.C. BASSO and A. PIZZI and A. CELZARD and M.P. LABORIE} } @article {1571, title = { Pine (P. pinaster) and quebracho (S. lorentzii) tannin-based foams as green acoustic absorbers }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {67}, year = {2015}, pages = {70-73}, abstract = {

Open cells structure tannin-furanic foams prepared using two different types of tannins have been shown to give good sound absorption/acoustic insulation characteristics at medium and high frequencies (1000-4000 Hz) with coefficients of acoustic absorption of 0.85-0.97. Their acoustic absorption coefficient was lower 0.40-0.60 at lower frequencies (250-500 Hz). Compared with commercial foams, tannin-furanic foams have the same typical behavior of light porous materials. The more open-cell is the material the better is its sound absorption. Thicker samples absorb better at medium frequencies for all types of porous material tested.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01294760}, author = {C. LACOSTE and M.C. BASSO and A. PIZZI and A. CELZARD and E.E. EBANG and N. GALLON and B. CHARRIER} } @article {1180, title = {Flexible tannin-furanic films and lacquers.}, journal = {Ind. Crops \& Prod.}, volume = {61}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {352}, author = {M.C. BASSO and C. LACOSTE and A. PIZZI and E. FREDON and L. DELMOTTE} } @article {1173, title = {Pinus pinaster tannin/furanic foams : Part 2: physical properties.}, journal = {Ind. Crops \& Prod.}, year = {2014}, author = {C. LACOSTE and A. PIZZI and M.C. BASSO and M.P. LABORIE and A. CELZARD} } @article {703, title = {Pinus pinaster tannin/furanic foams: PART I. Formulation.}, journal = {Industrial crops and products.}, volume = {52}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {450-456}, author = {C. LACOSTE and A. PIZZI and M.C. BASSO and MP. LABORIE and A. CELZARD} } @article {1189, title = {Polyphenolic resins prepared with maritime pine bark tannin and natural bulky-aldehydes.}, journal = {Ind. Crops \& Prod.}, volume = {62}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {84}, author = {D.E. GARCIA and W.G. GLASSER and A. PIZZI and C. LACOSTE and M.P. LABORIE} } @article {1199, title = {Tannin-furanic-polyurethane foams for industrial continuous plant lines}, journal = {Polymers}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {2985}, author = {M.C. BASSO and A. PIZZI and C. LACOSTE and L. DELMOTTE and F.A. AL-MARZOUKI and S. ABDALLA and A. CELZARD} } @article {644, title = {Bioresourced pine tannin/furanic foams with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde}, journal = {Ind.Crops \& Prod.}, volume = {45}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {401-405}, author = {C. LACOSTE and M.C. BASSO and A. PIZZI and M.-P. LABORIE and D. GARCIA and A. CELZARD} } @article {664, title = {Physical properties of tannin/furanic resin foamed by different blowing agents}, journal = {BioResources}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {743-752}, author = {X. LI and C. LACOSTE and A. PIZZI and V. FIERRO and A. CELZARD} } @article {633, title = {Pine tannin-based rigid foams: mechanical and thermal properties}, journal = {Ind.Crops \& Prod.}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, author = {C. LACOSTE and C. BASSO and A. PIZZI and M.-P. LABORIE and A. CELZARD} }