@article {1828, title = { Catalytic effects of potassium on biomass pyrolysis, combustion and torrefaction }, journal = { APPLIED ENERGY }, volume = {235}, year = {2019}, pages = {346-355}, abstract = {

Potassium is a natural catalyst in biomass thermochemical conversion and plays an essential role in plant\&$\#$39;s growth. To figure out the catalytic effects of potassium on the thermochemical behaviors of biomass, the pyrolysis, combustion, and torrefaction characteristics of rubber wood are comprehensively studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer where the biomass is impregnated by potassium carbonate (K2CO3) at different concentrations. The impregnated potassium is clearly exhibited in the spectra of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, while X-ray diffraction indicate that the cellulose crystallinity decreases with increasing the potassium concentration which increases the biomass reactivity in pyrolysis. The ignition temperature of the potassium-impregnated biomass is lowered slightly when compared with the raw biomass; alternatively, its burnout temperature is reduced profoundly, suggesting that the addition of potassium into the biomass can substantially intensify its oxidative reactivity. Considering the treated biomass torrefaction, its cellulose decomposition at 250 degrees C is intensified, rendering a reduction in the solid yield with increasing potassium concentration. With the same mass loss at 200-300 degrees C, at least 28\% of torrefaction time can be saved for the potassium-impregnated biomass. Accordingly, the catalytic effect of potassium on biomass thermochemical conversion is clearly outlined. Moreover, the produced potassium-rich biochar is conducive to the developments of carbon storage, soil amendment, and negative emissions technologies.

}, author = {M. SAFAR and B.J. LIN and W.H. CHEN and D. LANGAUER and J.S. CHANG and H. RACLAVSKA and A. PETRISSANS and P. ROUSSET and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1818, title = { Modeling and prediction of devolatilization and elemental composition of wood during mild pyrolysis in a pilot-scale reactor }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {131}, year = {2019}, pages = {357-370}, abstract = {

Mild pyrolysis, operated at 200-300 degrees C in an inert atmosphere, is a promising technology to produce sustainable materials (i.e., heat treated woods for construction and building) and solid fuels (i.e., torrefied woods or biochars for combustion and gasification). To aid in process and reactor design, the aim of this work is to conduct thermal degradation kinetics of wood. A two-step kinetics model is developed to predict the elemental composition (C, H, and 0) and devolatilization dynamics of wood materials during heat treatment in a pilot-scale reactor by kinetic analysis. A hardwood poplar (Populus nigra) and a softwood fir (Abies pectinata) sever as feedstock, and the experiments are carried out at 200-230 degrees C with a heating rate of 0.2 degrees C min(-1) in a low-pressure environment (200 hPa). The predictions in the weight losses of the woods are in a good agreement with the experimental data. The evolutions of solids, volatiles, elements (C, H, and O), and the heating values of treated woods are further analyzed. The predictions suggest that the intermediate solid is the main product, and almost all the woods are converted when the treatment temperature is as high as 230 degrees C. The devolatilization process, which is responsible for the mass loss of wood, can be clearly identified, and the volatile liberation amounts from poplar and fir at 230 degrees C are 17.05 and 12.44 wt\%, respectively. The predicted HHVs of treated woods from the empirical formula are between 19.62 and 20.55 MJ kg and the enhancement factors at the end of treatment are between 1.01 and 1.07 which is close to torrefied wood after light torrefaction. During the treatment, the extents of decarbonization, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation in fir are all smaller than those in poplar, resulting from the lower intensity of devolatilization in the former.

}, author = {B.J. LIN and E.A. SILVEIRA and B. COLIN and W.H. CHEN and Y.Y. LIN and F. LECONTE and A. PETRISSANS and P. ROUSSET and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1770, title = { Coupling of an acoustic emissions system to a laboratory torrefaction reactor }, journal = { JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS }, volume = {129}, year = {2018}, pages = {29-36}, abstract = {

This article describes the use and characterization of an acoustic system coupled to a torrefaction reactor. The reactor, including phase shift and frequency, was characterized by applying both Lissajous/Hilbert and cross spectrum techniques. Optimum acoustic frequencies were identified and an exploratory torrefaction test combining frequencies and temperatures was performed. The results from dynamic solid yields, conversion rates and temperature profiles showed that acoustic fields may improve torrefaction treatment.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02397702}, author = {E.A. SILVEIRA and M.V.G. DE-MORAIS and P. ROUSSET and A. CALDEIRA-PIRES and A. PETRISSANS and L.G.O. GALVAO} } @article {1713, title = { Heat treatment kinetics using three-stage approach for sustainable wood material production }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {124}, year = {2018}, pages = {563-571}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical tool to predict the mass loss of a wood board during heat treatment as a marker of the process advancement. Mass loss dynamics during the wood heat treatment is experimentally obtained using a specially conceived equipment. The investigation method is applied on large scale wood samples whose radial and transvers dimensions are close to the boards used in industry. A two-step reaction mechanism is adopted to describe the behavior of wood thermodegradation. Model parameters are obtained by fitting the experimental data according to a new approach developed in this study for their optimal determination. The originality of the implemented modelling strategy is the establishment of a three-stage approach based on the analysis of wood thermal sensitivity depending on the treatment temperature range. Model equations are solved numerically by the commercial package Matlab\&$\#$39; software. A good agreement is achieved between the numerical predictions and the experimental data. The developed model and established kinetics can be used for heat treatment process and reactor design in industry to produce wood materials for their applications.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-01962864}, author = {E.A. SILVEIRA and B.J. LIN and B. COLIN and M. CHAOUCH and A. PETRISSANS and P. ROUSSET and W.H. CHEN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1711, title = { Hygroscopic transformation of woody biomass torrefaction for carbon storage }, journal = { APPLIED ENERGY }, volume = {231}, year = {2018}, pages = {768-776}, abstract = {

Biochar is a potential medium for carbon storage, so its production and storage have been considered as is a crucial route to effectively achieve negative CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, torrefaction is a thermochemical conversion process for producing biochar. Biochar is featured by its hydrophobicity, which makes it different from its parent biomass with hygroscopicity and is conducive to material storage. To evaluate the hygroscopic transformation of biomass from torrefaction, two woody biomass materials of poplar (hardwood) and fir (softwood) are torrefied at temperatures of 200-230 degrees C, and the variations of color, equilibrium moisture content, and contact angle of raw and torrefied samples are examined. The results indicate that the total color difference of torrefied woods increases linearly with increasing mass loss. The hygroscopicity reduction extent in torrefied fir is higher than in torrefied poplar, and can be increased by up to 57.39\% at 230 degrees C. The tests of the contact angle suggest that the hygroscopicity of the raw woods is evidently exhibited, whereas the angles of the torrefied woods are in the range of 94-113, showing their hydrophobic surfaces (\> 90 degrees). The decarbonization, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation phenomena of the biomass during torrefaction are also analyzed. It is found that the three indexes can be correlated well by the total color difference and hygroscopicity reduction extent. A comprehensive study on the improvement of hydrophobicity of produced biochar has been performed, which clearly shows the potential of carbon storage and negative CO2 emissions by biochar.

}, author = {W.H. CHEN and B.J. LIN and B. COLIN and J.S. CHANG and A. PETRISSANS and X.T. BI and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1748, title = { Thermal degradation and compositional changes of wood treated in a semi-industrial scale reactor in vacuum }, journal = { JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS }, volume = {130}, year = {2018}, pages = {8-18}, abstract = {

Heat treatment is an eco-friendly and efficient way to improve the defective properties of woods, such as hygroscopic nature, lack of dimensional stability, and low resistance against biological degradation, and to produce a green and sustainable wood material for construction and buildings. The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal degradation of a hardwood (poplar, Populus nigra) and a softwood (fir, Abies pectinata) in a semi-industrial scale reactor in which a vacuum environment is adopted to intensify the thermal degradation process. Four different stages of thermal degradation during wood heat treatment are defined, based on the intensity of differential mass loss (DML). Meanwhile, a number of analyses on untreated and treated woods are performed to evaluate their thermal degradation characteristics and compositional change during treatment. The FTIR analysis clearly demonstrates the thermal degradation through dehydration, deacetylation, depolymerization, and condensation reactions during the heat treatment. In addition, the XRD analysis indicates an increase in relative crystallinity of cellulose. The correlation of devolatilization index (DI) with respect to mass loss of the two wood species is strongly characterized by linear distribution, which is able to provide a simple and useful tool in predicting mass loss of wood treated in wood industry.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01816914}, author = {B.J. LIN and B. COLIN and W.H. CHEN and A. PETRISSANS and P. ROUSSET and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1717, title = { Thermal stability of Abies alba wood according to its radial position and forest management }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {76}, year = {2018}, pages = {1669-1676}, abstract = {

Most of the defects affecting heat-treated wood quality are often attributed to heterogeneous heat transfers in industrial kilns. Even if interspecific variability of wood has been reported to affect thermal degradation of the material, little has been reported on the effects of intraspecific variability. The aim of this work was to study the effect of intraspecific variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) wood on its thermal degradation. For this purpose, wood samples were sampled along the radius of cross-sections to estimate the effect of radial position on wood thermal degradation. Sampling was carried out on discs of four trees, two resulting from dynamic growth stand and two from standard growth stand. The study was performed at different scales: at wood compartments scale involving juvenile and mature heartwood, transition zone between heartwood and sapwood and sapwood as well as at intra-ring scale. Wood samples were ground to sawdust and subjected to thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis. Juvenile heartwood was shown to be more sensitive to thermal degradation than other compartments. The thermal behavior of sapwood was not particularly different from that of heartwood, and the presence of extractives did not influence significantly thermal degradation. Earlywood was more sensitive to thermal degradation than latewood explaining the higher susceptibility of fast growing heartwood containing larger rings with higher contents of earlywood.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01972741}, author = {J. HAMADA and A. PETRISSANS and J. RUELLE and F. MOTHE and F. COLIN and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1612, title = { Control of wood thermal treatment and its effects on decay resistance: a review }, journal = { ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE }, volume = {73}, year = {2016}, pages = {571-583}, abstract = {

Key message An efficient use of thermal treatment of wood requires a depth understanding of the chemical modifications induced. This is a prerequisite to avoid problems of process control, and to provide high quality treated wood with accurately assessed properties to the market. Properties and structural anatomy of thermally modified woods are slightly different than un-processed woods from a same wood species. So it is necessary to create or adapt new analytical methods to control their quality.

Heat treatment as a wood modification process is based on chemical degradation of wood polymer by heat transfer. It improves mainly the resistance of wood to decay and provides dimensional stability. These improvements, which come at the expense of a weakening of mechanical properties, have been extensively studied. Since a decade, researches focused mainly on the understanding of wood thermal degradation, on modelling, on quality prediction and quality control.

We aimed at reviewing the recent advances about (i) the analytical methods used to control thermal treatment; (ii) the effects on wood decay resistance and (iii) the advantages and drawbacks of a potential industrial use of wood heating.

We carried out a literature review of the main industrial methods used to evaluate the conferred wood properties, by thermal treatment. We used papers and reports published between 1970 and 2015, identified in the web of science data base..

Approximately 100 papers mostly published after 2000 were retrieved. They concentrated on: (i) wood mass loss due to thermal degradation determination, (ii) spectroscopic analyses of wood properties, (iii) colour measurements, (iv) chemical composition, (v) non-destructive mechanical assessments and (vi) use of industrial data.

One of most interesting property of heat-treated wood remains its decay resistance. Durability test with modified wood in laboratory are expensive and time-consuming. This review displays data from different analytical methods, such as spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, chemical analyses or mechanical tests that have the potential to be valuable indicators to assess the durability of heat treated wood at industrial scale. However, each method has its limits and drawbacks, such as the required investment for the equipment, reliability and accuracy of the results and ease of use at industrial scale.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532412}, author = {K. CANDELIER and M.F. THEVENON and A. PETRISSANS and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1398, title = {Heat treatment of Tunisian soft wood species: effect on the durability, chemical modifications and mechanical properties.}, journal = {Maderas-Cienc Tecnol}, volume = {17(4)}, year = {2015}, pages = {699 - 710}, author = {M. ELAIEB and K. CANDELIER and A. PETRISSANS and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1393, title = {Utilization of temperature kinetic as prediction{\textquoteright}s way of a method to predict treatment intensity and corresponding wood properties of thermally modified}, journal = {Maderas-Cienc Tecnol}, year = {2015}, month = {17(2) /2015}, pages = {253-262}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. HANNOUZ and M. ELAIEB and R. COLLET and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1254, title = {Modeling and numerical simulation of wood torrefaction. }, journal = {Innovation in woodworking industry and engineering design.}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {26}, author = {A. PETRISSANS and J. HAMADA and M. CHAOUCH and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {627, title = {Comparison of chemical composition and decay durability of heat treated wood cured under different inert atmospheres: Nitrogen or vacuum}, journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, volume = {98}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {677-681}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and L. DESHARNAIS and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {625, title = {Comparison of mechanical properties of heat treated beech wood cured under nitrogen or vacuum. }, journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, volume = {98}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {1762-1765}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {620, title = {Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species. }, journal = {Wood Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {663-673}, author = {M. CHAOUCH and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and M PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {626, title = {Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species. }, journal = {Wood Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {663-673}, author = {M. CHAOUCH and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {629, title = {Pore size diameter, shrinkage and specific gravity evolution during the heat treatment of wood.}, journal = {Innovation in woodworking industry and engineering design}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {18-25}, author = {A. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {622, title = {Thermodesorption coupled to GC-MS to characterize volatiles formation kinetic during wood thermodegradation.}, journal = {Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis}, volume = {101}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {96-102}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and M. PETRISSANS and P. KAMDEM and P. GERARDIN} } @article {558, title = {Experimental and numerical analysis of wood thermodegradation - Mass loss kinetics}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry}, volume = {109}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {907-914}, author = {A. PETRISSANS and R. YOUNSI and M. CHAOUCH and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1256, title = {Influence of the heterogeneity of the raw wood material on the final quality of the heat treated wood. }, journal = {Innovation in woodworking industry and engineering design. }, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {31}, author = {J. HAMADA and A. PETRISSANS and F. MOTHE and M. FOURNIER and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} }