@article {1866, title = { ANTI-FUNGAL AND ANTI-TERMITE ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTIVES COMPOUNDS FROM THERMALLY MODIFIED ASH WOODS }, journal = { MADERAS-CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA }, volume = {22}, year = {2020}, pages = {223-240}, abstract = {

Thermal modification of wood is a promising alternative to chemical and biocidal modification processes, increasing the biological durability and dimensional stability of wood. However, the wood-decay resistance properties of heat-treated wood are still not well known. The main objective of this study was to determine the biological resistance of heat-treated ash wood, and assess the antifungal and anti-termite activity of extractive compounds from heat-treated ash woods, depending on the intensity of the modification process (2 hours at 170, 200, 215, 228 (degrees C) - steam pressure). Untreated and heat-treated wood samples were extracted with water or acetone. The extracts were then used to determine inhibition effectiveness against white-rot (Trametes versicolor) and brown-rot (Rhodonia placenta) fungi. Whatman papers impregnated with extractives were used to evaluate the inhibition of termite feeding. Lastly, the extractives were analyzed by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and compared for their level of anti-termite and antifungal activity. The results showed that the degree of antifungal activity of these extracts depended on the solvent used during the extraction process and varied depending on heat treatment intensity. The extracts were more effective against brown-rot than white-rot fungi. However, the anti-termite activity of heat-treated ash wood extracts was not really significant. A GC-MS analysis showed that the main share of the extractives in untreated wood was removed. In addition, new chemical elements were generated by the thermal degradation of wood polymers (lignin and hemicelluloses), including aliphatic acids, monosaccharides and other products resulting from their dehydration reaction. The most abundant element was syringaldehyde, from lignin derived compounds, which might explain the antifungal activities of thermally treated ash wood extracts.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-02502770}, author = {K. CONDELIER and M.F. THEVENON and R. COLLET and P. GERARDIN and S. DUMARCAY} } @article {1858, title = { Beech wood modification based on in situ esterification with sorbitol and citric acid }, journal = { WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY }, volume = {54}, year = {2020}, pages = {479-502}, abstract = {

In this study, modification of European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) through in situ esterification of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) was investigated at two curing temperatures, 140 and 160 degrees C. In order to determine the optimum condition for modification, an aqueous solution of SorCA at varying concentrations was evaluated (10, 20, 30, and 55\% w/w). Physical, mechanical, chemical, and durability properties of the modified wood were examined. Results have disclosed that among different SorCA concentrations, treatment with SorCA at 30\% w/w was considered as the optimum concentration independent of the curing temperature. Under these conditions, anti-swelling efficiency increased to approx. 55\% and modulus of elasticity increased slightly with approx. 9\% in comparison with untreated wood. Decay resistance against white-rot (Trametes versicolor), brown-rot (Coniphora puteana), and soft-rotting microfungi classified the SorCA-30\%-modified wood as very durable. In addition, thermogravimetric study evidenced that SorCA 30\%-modified wood has a lower thermal decomposition temperature in comparison with untreated wood/wood control by 20 degrees C difference, indicating that the SorCA-modified wood possibly has fire-retardant properties. However, due to the acidic properties of the SorCA solution, modulus of rupture (MOR) and mainly work to maximum load in bending decreased considerably.

}, author = {M. MUBAROK and H. MILITZ and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1867, title = { Beech wood treated with polyglycerol succinate: a new effective method for its protection and stabilization }, journal = { HOLZFORSCHUNG }, volume = {74}, year = {2020}, pages = {351-361}, abstract = {

This paper deals with an original and non-biocidal chemical treatment consisting of a vacuum/pressure impregnation step of beech wood with a water-borne mixture made from heat-activated condensation of succinic anhydride (SA) and glycerol (G). Chemical structures of adducts were established using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) investigations. Beech wood was impregnated and cured in order to induce in situ polymerization of glycerol/succinic adducts (GSA) in the cell walls, leading to the formation of polyglycerol succinate (PGS) polyester. Various treatment conditions were investigated depending on the duration (6-72 h) and curing temperature (103-160 degrees C). Weight percent gains (WPGs) ranging between 40 and 60\% were obtained. Attenuated total reflectance-middle infrared spectroscopy (ATR-MIR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13-NMR) spectroscopy confirmed polyester formation. A curing temperature of 160 degrees C was found to be the best condition to totally avoid polymer leaching, and brought the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) up to 64\%. Decay resistance of PGS-treated wood against Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana was also strongly temperature and time dependent: performances fit with the EN113 standard requirements if a curing temperature of 160 degrees C was applied.

}, author = {C. L{\textquoteright}HOSTIS and E. FREDON and M.F. THEVENON and F.J. SANTIAGO-MEDINA and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1854, title = { Geographic and intraspecific variability of mesquitol amounts in Prosopis juliflora trees from Kenya }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {78}, year = {2020}, pages = {801-809}, abstract = {

Several studies have shown that the heartwood of Prosopis juliflora contains high amounts of a naturally rare flavan-3-ol compound identified as 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)chromane-3,7,8-triol otherwise known as (-)-mesquitol (1). It is known to possess strong antioxidant properties, which may be of valuable interest for further valorization. However, no data exists so far showing the variations of its abundance depending on the different geographic habitats of the tree, the age and the different parts of the tree stem. The variability of flavan-3-ols depending on the geographical area and intra-specific variability within P. juliflora trees from Kenya was addressed in this substantive study. The study was done using wood extracts from three different counties in Kenya (Baringo, Garissa and Turkana Counties). Wood samples were separated into two categories of ages; small trees, aged less than 4 years and the big trees, aged more than 8 years. Each sample was divided into five different parts, which included the bark, sapwood, knot wood, heartwood and the pith. Serial extractions were done by the Dionex accelerated solvent extractor using four solvents in increasing polarity (dichloromethane, acetone, toluene: ethanol (2:1 v/v) and finally water). Gas chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry was employed to identify the different compounds present in the extracts. LC-MS/MS method was thereafter developed and used to confirm the identity and quantify the amounts of mesquitol present. Two other flavan-3-ols identified and quantified included catechin (2) and 4 \&$\#$39;-O-methylgallocatechin (3). A systematic study on the mass spectra and the observed fragmentations of the flavonoids showed that mesquitol compound is the most abundant compound in P. juliflora with high amounts being found in the heartwood and pith of the acetonic extract (47-72\%). Mesquitol abundance was also found to vary depending on the age of the tree and on the geographical areas.

}, author = {S.C. CHEPKWONY and S. DUMARCAY and H. CHAPUIS and A. KIPROP and P. GERARDIN and C. GERARDIN-CHARBONNIER} } @article {1873, title = { Natural durability of four Tunisian Eucalyptus spp. and their respective compositions in extractives }, journal = {HOLZFORSCHUNG}, volume = {74}, year = {2020}, pages = {260-274}, abstract = {

Eucalyptus trees have been adapted to the Tunisian climate. Now, they need to be economically valued. Tunisian Eucalyptus have great technological properties allowing us to use them as wooden material. However, there is large variability in the natural durability between heartwood Eucalyptus spp. The wood sustainability assessment provides reliable parameters to predict the service life of wood-based products. This study aimed to evaluate the wood deterioration of four North Tunisian fast-growing Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus maidenii, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus gomphocephala) exposed to basidiomycetes (Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor) and termite (Reticulitermes flavipes) attacks. Among the four Eucalyptus woods, Eucalyptus gomphocephala presents the highest decay and termite resistance. The four Eucalyptus wood species are classified as very durable against fungal degradation and durable against termite attacks, expect for Eucalyptus saligna which is classified as sensible against termites. The natural durability of Eucalyptus seems to be mainly caused by extractives, and a lot of compounds are involved. Antifungal and anti-termite properties of these compounds were put in perspective with the natural durability of wood. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses highlighted that Eucalyptus durability is mostly governed by gallic acid, fatty acid glycerides, fatty acid esters, phenolic compounds, sitosterol, catechin and ellagic acid.

}, author = {M.T. ELAIEB and S. BEN-AYED and S. DUMARCAY and B.D.H. DE-FARIA and M.F. THEVENON and P. GERARDIN and K. CANDELIER} } @article {1884, title = { Quantitative and qualitative composition of bark polyphenols changes longitudinally with bark maturity in Abies alba Mill. }, journal = { ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE }, volume = {77}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

Key message Total bark extractive content increases at positions higher in the trunk ofAbies albaMill. trees. The greatest proportions of bark polyphenolic extractives are found in the lower section of the trunk, below the crown. Context The bark of commercially grown softwood trees is a potentially valuable source of secondary metabolites including polyphenols such as tannins, used in the manufacture of adhesives and resins. There is little information about how the yield and composition of bark extracts vary longitudinally within trees and with respect to the presence or absence of branches. Aims We examined the variability of bark secondary metabolites in the softwood Abies alba both longitudinally within trees and among trees at specific sample heights. The aim was to determine whether specific bark fractions within this species contain more extractable secondary metabolites than others. Methods Eight trees of A. alba were harvested, and up to 13 discs were cut along the trunk from 30 cm above the ground to where the trunk was only 10 cm in diameter. Milled bark was extracted with water:ethanol (1:1) using an accelerated solvent extractor and the dry yield calculated. Extract composition was examined by liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Results Total extract yield increased from the base of the tree towards the top. The yield of the most abundant polyphenolic compounds decreased from the base of the tree towards the top, indicating the total extracts included compounds that were not detectable with the chromatographic method used. Conclusion Although extract yield is highest at the top of the tree, the composition of the extracts indicates that compounds with known marketable value, and present in detectable proportions, are found at the base of the tree.

}, author = {M. BRENNAN and C. FRITSCH and S. COSGUN and S. DUMARCAY and F. COLIN and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1879, title = { Relationships between chemical composition and decay durability of Coula edulis Baill as an alternative wood species in Gabon }, journal = { WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY }, volume = {54}, year = {2020}, pages = {329-348}, abstract = {

The general objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the little-known tropical woods of the Congo Basin, particularly Coula edulis, while looking for new biocidal products. The natural durability of the hazel tree of Gabon Coula edulis versus basidiomycete fungi was evaluated with native and extracted samples of heartwood against brown rot (Rhodonia placenta and Coniophora puteana) and white rot (Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus) fungi. The results showed that non-extracted samples were more durable. Fungal growth inhibition tests using different concentrations of extractives confirmed the fungicidal effects. Percentage of the different wood polymers and GC-MS analysis of wood extractives were carried out to examine correlations between durability and wood chemistry. Natural durability of Coula edulis could be explained by the unusually high lignin content and the presence of high amounts of polyphenols like gallic and ellagic acids and tannins. Coula edulis could therefore be a local alternative to help alleviate wood shortages in Gabon.

}, author = {C.S.A.B. BOPENGA and S. DUMARCAY and P.E. ENGONGA and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1880, title = { Resistance against subterranean termite of beech wood impregnated with different derivatives of glycerol or polyglycerol and maleic anhydride followed by thermal modification: a field test study }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {78}, year = {2020}, pages = {387-392}, abstract = {

Termite resistance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) modified with a combination of chemical and thermal methods was investigated in field tests. Modification was performed by impregnating different aqueous solutions of glycerol maleate or polyglycerol maleate at different concentrations (10 or 40\%, w/w) into the wood, followed by thermal treatment at different temperatures (180, 200, or 220 degrees C). Field tests were conducted for one-year at Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. All wood samples treated with the combination of chemical and thermal modifications presented significantly higher termite resistance than thermally modified and untreated wood samples. Curing at 200 or 220 degrees C resulted in better performance with mass losses due to termite attack of less than 5\%.

}, author = {M. MUBAROK and H. MILITZ and I.W. DARMAWAN and Y.S. HADI and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1869, title = { A reverse chemical ecology approach to explore wood natural durability }, journal = { MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY }, year = {2020}, abstract = {

The natural durability of wood species, defined as their inherent resistance to wood-destroying agents, is a complex phenomenon depending on many biotic and abiotic factors. Besides the presence of recalcitrant polymers, the presence of compounds with antimicrobial properties is known to be important to explain wood durability. Based on the advancement in our understanding of fungal detoxification systems, a reverse chemical ecology approach was proposed to explore wood natural durability using fungal glutathione transferases. A set of six glutathione transferases from the white-rot Trametes versicolor were used as targets to test wood extracts from seventeen French Guiana neotropical species. Fluorescent thermal shift assays quantified interactions between fungal glutathione transferases and these extracts. From these data, a model combining this approach and wood density significantly predicts the wood natural durability of the species tested previously using long-term soil bed tests. Overall, our findings confirm that detoxification systems could be used to explore the chemical environment encountered by wood-decaying fungi and also wood natural durability.

}, author = {T. PERROT and G. SALZET and N. AMUSANT and J. BEAUCHENE and P. GERARDIN and S. DUMARCAY and R. SORMANI and M. MOREL-ROUHIER and E. GELHAYE} } @article {1824, title = { CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMALLY MODIFIED SHORT AND LONG ROTATION TEAKS AND THE EFFECTS ON COATINGS PERFORMANCE }, journal = { MADERAS-CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA }, volume = {21}, year = {2019}, pages = {209-222}, abstract = {

Many wood processing industries use short rotation teak, which has lower quality especially in durability and dimensional stability. Heat treatment is an eco-friendly method to improve dimensional stability and durability of wood. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of thermal modification on chemical composition, colour, dimensional stability and durability as well as coating\&$\#$39;s performance after accelerated weathering of short and long rotation teak for exterior utilization. In this study, the samples were heated in oven at 220 degrees C for 20 h under nitrogen atmosphere. Results showed that independently of growth conditions teak woods underwent hemicelluloses degradation and an increase of lignin content after heat treatment. Extractives contents were lower in short rotation than in long rotation teak, and decreased in all cases after heat treatments. Dimensional stability was considerably improved as indicated by anti-swelling efficiency values of 64,9\% and 58,9\% for short and long rotation teak, respectively. Heated teak woods were more resistant against Trametes versicolor and the durability of short-rotation teak increased from moderate to very durable. Coatings on heat treated teaks had better bonding quality and better photo-stability when compared to unheated. Heated short rotation teak could be considered for exterior application.

}, author = {L.A. PRATIWI and W. DARMAWAN and T. PRIADI and B. GEORGE and A. MERLIN and C. GERARDIN and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1800, title = { Comparison of different treatments based on glycerol or polyglycerol additives to improve properties of thermally modified wood }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {77}, year = {2019}, pages = {799-810}, abstract = {

Impregnation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) with 10\% w/w aqueous solution of different additives made from the reaction of glycerol or polyglycerol with glycidyl methacrylate or maleic anhydride followed by thermal modification at 150, 200 or 220 degrees C under inert conditions was investigated to evaluate potential synergies between chemical and thermal treatments. Treated and untreated wood were analysed to evaluate mass changes and bulking values after treatments, resistance of treatment to leaching, wettability, anti-swelling efficiency, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), decay resistance against Coriolus versicolor and termite resistance against Reticulitermes flavipes. Results revealed that synergic effects between a combination of light chemical modification and thermal treatments can be observed at higher temperature treatments (200 and 220 degrees C), improving wood dimensional stability (approximately 80\%), decay, and termite resistance properties. However, MOE and MOR values decreased by approximately 30\% and 60\%, respectively. Treated samples resulting from the combination of chemical and thermal treatment performed at 220 degrees C present improved durability against the termites R. flavipes.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02352486}, author = {M. MUBAROK and S. DUMARCAY and H. MILITZ and K. CANDELIER and M.F. THEVENON and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1823, title = { Improvement of Modified Wood Properties with Addition of Chestnut Tannins in Lactic Acid-Based Treatments }, journal = { JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY }, volume = {39}, year = {2019}, pages = {124-135}, abstract = {

Wood modification treatments based on lactic acid oligomers (OLA) and monomers (LA) enhance beech dimensional stability (up to 70\%) and biological resistance (less than 3\% weight loss according to EN113). Chestnut wood tannins natural biological activity might improve the modified wood durability with milder curing conditions. Treatment consisted of the impregnation of monomers or oligomers mixtures followed by curing (140 degrees C/160 degrees C for 48h). Tannins addition is almost inconsequential with oligomeric-based treatment but improved the monomeric-based treatment. In this case, modified wood biological resistance and product persistence were increased. OLA impregnated wood cured at 160 degrees C was always the best performing treatment regarding dimensional stability and durability, but the addition of tannins in LA systems conferred promising properties to wood allowing simplification of the modification process.

}, author = {C. GROSSE and M. NOEL and M.F. THEVENON and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1806, title = {Microbial growths and checking on acrylic painted tropical woods and their static bending after three years of natural weathering}, journal = { JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR\&T }, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, pages = {3495-3503}, abstract = {

Wood products exposed outdoor could be weathered, especially in the tropical region with high in sun light, temperature, rain intensity, and relative humidity. Water based acrylic paint was coated on surface of teak, camphor, and pine woods for natural weathering resistance. The natural weathering and wood materials affected the resistance of the acrylic paint film on fungi (blue-stain and decay fungi), cracking, and MOE/MOR bending. After 36 months of exposure, the surface of unpainted pine and camphor panels were covered by fungi over 40\% and reached the growth index of 5. The acrylic painted woods provided lower growths index of fungi up to three years of exposure. Application of the acrylic paint on the wood panels was observed to minimize the index of cracking from 5 for unpainted to 3 for painted after 36 month exposure. The average adhesion scale for the acrylic paint film dropped from 4.5 before exposure to 2.3 after 36 month exposure. The percentages of MOE/MOR drop after 36 month exposure were observed. The 36 month exposure caused the loss of MOR of 10.7\% and 5.1\% for unpainted and acrylic painted panel, respectively, and the loss of MOE of 6.8\% and 1.4\% for unpainted and acrylic painted panel, respectively. The acrylic paint film can be considered to protect the pine, camphor and teak at least 36 months. However, teak wood with the greatest resistance to the natural weathering factors will provide the longest service life compared to pine and camphor.

}, author = {W. DARMAWAN and E.N. HERLIYANA and A. GAYATRI and D. DUMASARI and A. HASANUSI and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1790, title = { Non-biocide antifungal and anti-termite wood preservation treatments based on combinations of thermal modification with different chemical additives }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {77}, year = {2019}, pages = {1125-1136}, abstract = {

The synergic effect between a mild chemical and thermal modification of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) has been studied. A low concentration of additives based on vinylic-polyglycerol, vinylic-glycerol, and maleic anhydride was impregnated into beech wood, followed by curing under different temperature conditions at 103, 150, 200, and 220 degrees C. The modified wood was then analyzed for its leaching resistance, dimensional stability, wettability, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending, decay resistance against Trametes versicolor, and termite resistance against Reticulitermes flavipes. Results have disclosed a synergic effect of thermo-chemical wood modification under 200 and 220 degrees C curing conditions. At these curing temperatures, thermo-chemically modified beech presents improved dimensional stability (\> 60\%) and better resistance against both Trametes versicolor and Reticulitermes flavipes compared to the control. However, at the same conditions, MOE and MOR values were lowered by approximately 25\% and 60\%, respectively.

}, author = {M. MUBAROK and S. DUMARCAY and H. MILITZ and K. CANDELIER and M.F. THEVENON and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1784, title = { Optimizing Chemical Wood Modification with Oligomeric Lactic Acid by Screening of Processing Conditions }, journal = { JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY }, volume = {39}, year = {2019}, pages = {385-398}, abstract = {

When exposed to moisture, wood undergoes swelling and is susceptible to fungal degradation. Chemical modification via oligomeric lactic acid (OLA) treatment has been found to be a promising environmentally friendly solution to this disadvantage. In this study, wood was impregnated with OLA and then variously heat treated to polymerize the OLA in situ. The effect of curing temperature and time on OLA polymerization has been determined chemically. Dimensional stability was examined by water immersion and hygroscopicity measurements and biological decay resistance also evaluated. OLA impregnation followed by heat treatment enhanced wood properties. OLA cure at 160 degrees C for 48 h resulted in treated wood with greater dimensional stability and biological resistance.

}, author = {C. GROSSE and W.J. GRIGSBY and M. NOEL and A. TREU and M.F. THEVENON and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1746, title = { Comparison of teak wood properties according to forest management: short versus long rotation }, journal = { ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE }, volume = {75}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

Key message Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is one of the most important tropical hardwood tree species, which is widely planted in Indonesia. Wood properties are strongly influenced by forest management conditioning further utilization of wood.

Context In Indonesia, teak wood has been supplied from the state forests (Perhutani) for long rotation teak and from community teak plantations for short rotation teak. Short rotation teak has been harvested at 7-10 years and long rotation teak at 40-60 years.

Aims This paper discusses the characterization of technical properties of short and long rotation teak wood based on the chemical, anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties.

Methods The properties of short rotation and long rotation teak woods were characterized by measuring their density, extractive contents, chemical composition, swelling, wettability, water sorption isotherm, decay resistance, anatomical properties, bending strength (modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE)), and hardness.

Results The results indicate that short rotation teak was not particularly different in swelling, MOE and MOR, and Brinell hardness compared to long rotation teak, although it was less dense and less durable due to lower heartwood and extractive contents. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the use of short rotation teak in some wood-processing technologies.

Conclusion Lower wood density and durability of the short rotation compared to the long rotation teak will restrict its utilization to some extent for both indoor and outdoor applications. Fast-growing teak from community cannot be used as usual heartwood teak from Perhutani because of the very low proportion of useful heartwood in the stem.

}, author = {D.E. RIZANTI and W. DARMAWAN and B. GEORGE and A. MERLIN and S. DUMARCAY and H. CHAPUIS and C. GERARDIN and E. GELHAYE and P. RAHARIVELOMANANA and R.K. SARI and W. SYAFII and R. MOHAMED and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1721, title = { Fungal Glutathione Transferases as Tools to Explore the Chemical Diversity of Amazonian Wood Extractives }, journal = { ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY \& ENGINEERING }, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, pages = {13078-13085}, abstract = {

The natural durability of wood is linked to its chemical composition and in particular the presence of metabolites called extractives that often possess chemical reactivity. For dealing with these compounds, wood degraders have developed detoxification systems usually involving enzyme families. Among these enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs) are involved in the decrease of the reactivity of toxic compounds. In this study, the hypothesis that the detoxification systems of wood decaying fungi could be indicators of the chemical reactivity of wood extracts has been tested. This approach has been evaluated using 32 wood extracts coming from French Guiana species, testing their antimicrobial ability, antioxidative properties, and reactivity against six GSTs from the white rot Trametes versicolor. From the obtained data, a significant correlation between the antimicrobial and antioxidative properties of the tested wood extracts and GST interactions was established. In addition, the chemical analysis performed on one of the most reactive extracts (an acetonic extract of Bagassa guianensis) has demonstrated oxyresveratrol as a major constituent. We were able to cocrystallize one GST with this commercially interesting compound. Taken together, the presented data support the hypothesis that detoxifying enzymes could be used to identify the presence of molecules of industrial interest in wood extracts.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02492224}, author = {T. PERROT and M. SCHWARTZ and F. SAIAG and G. SALZET and S. DUMARCAY and F. FAVIER and P. GERARDIN and J.M. GIRARDET and R. SORMANI and M. MOREL-ROUHIER and N. AMUSANT and C. DIDIERJEAN and E. GELHAYE} } @article {1745, title = { Improvement of beech wood properties by in situ formation of polyesters of citric and tartaric acid in combination with glycerol }, journal = { HOLZFORSCHUNG }, volume = {72}, year = {2018}, pages = {291-299}, abstract = {

Beech wood has been treated by impregnation followed by heating at various temperatures with solutions containing citric acid (CA) or tartaric acid (TA) alone or in combination with glycerol (G), i.e. with G+CA and G+TA. The resulting modified woods were tested in terms of resistance to leaching, durability and dimensional stability. These properties are improved as a function of heating temperature, which leads to higher levels of poly-esterification involving grafting onto wood simultaneously with thermal degradation of wood. Dimensional stability of all treated wood was increased, but glycerol does not have a positive effect with this regard. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy contributed to understanding the effects of the different treatments. In situ polymerization of G+TA at 140 degrees C increased the bending resistance, while G+CA polymerization does not compensate notably the mechanical weakness induced by thermal degradation of wood at higher temperatures. However, G+CA treatment is more efficient regarding leaching and decay resistance, than that with G+TA.

}, author = {C. L{\textquoteright}HOSTIS and M.F. THEVENON and E. FREDON and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1742, title = { Influence of Water and Humidity on Wood Modification with Lactic Acid }, journal = { JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE MATERIALS }, volume = {6}, year = {2018}, pages = {259-269}, abstract = {

Impregnation of dry wood with pure lactic acid oligomers (OLAs) followed by heat treatment confers promising properties to wood because of OLA\&$\#$39;s good diffusion, in-situ polymerization and persistence in cell walls. Treatment provides drastic reduction of the equilibrium moisture content, high dimensional stability and good durability. The presence of water during treatment has been evaluated. Curing of OLA impregnated dry wood in humid atmosphere leads to a strong and global degradation of the material. OLA treatment of wet wood only impacts the water leaching rate negatively. Treatment of dry wood with OLA diluted in water additionally decreases the biological resistance and is not efficient for decreasing hygroscopicity. Treatment of dry wood with lactic acid solution leads to a lower polymerization level but confers good properties.

}, author = {C. GROSSE and M. NOEL and M.F. THEVENON and L. RAUTKARI and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1715, title = { Inhibition of fungi with wood extractives and natural durability of five Cameroonian wood species }, journal = { INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS }, volume = {123}, year = {2018}, pages = {183-191}, abstract = {

The natural durability of five Cameroonians wood samples was evaluated using the European standard EN 350-1 with a slight modification. The capacity of extracts to inhibit the fungal growth was evaluated at different concentrations with propiconazole (a commercial fungicide for wood) as standard. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of wood blocks was carried out before and after extraction in different solvents. Unextracted and extracted wood blocks were exposed to fungal attack, with beech as a reference wood. Results showed that mass losses of non-extracted samples ranged from 0.1 to 59\% and those of extracted samples from 3\% to 40\%. Before extraction, all wood samples under study were classified as very resistant to fungi attack (class 1) with respect to the standard. After extraction, some of the wood samples became vulnerable to fungal attack. Movingui, padouk, and tali became less resistant to fungi attack (class 3). The SEM of wood revealed that the extractives were removed from the fibres. The effect of extractives on fungal growth showed that extracts weakly inhibited fungal growth up to concentrations of 250 mu g/mL but extracts of tali and movingui totally inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 500 mu g/mL.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01972727}, author = {J.B.S. TCHINDA and M.K. NDIKONTAR and A.D.F. BELINGA and S. MOUNGUENGUI and J.M. NJANKOUO and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1737, title = { Molecular recognition of wood polyphenols by phase II detoxification enzymes of the white rot Trametes versicolor }, journal = { SCIENTIFIC REPORTS }, volume = {8}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

Wood decay fungi have complex detoxification systems that enable them to cope with secondary metabolites produced by plants. Although the number of genes encoding for glutathione transferases is especially expanded in lignolytic fungi, little is known about their target molecules. In this study, by combining biochemical, enzymatic and structural approaches, interactions between polyphenols and six glutathione transferases from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor have been demonstrated. Two isoforms, named TvGSTO3S and TvGSTO6S have been deeply studied at the structural level. Each isoform shows two distinct ligand-binding sites, a narrow L-site at the dimer interface and a peculiar deep hydrophobic H-site. In TvGSTO3S, the latter appears optimized for aromatic ligand binding such as hydroxybenzophenones. Affinity crystallography revealed that this H-site retains the flavonoid dihydrowogonin from a partially purified wild-cherry extract. Besides, TvGSTO6S binds two molecules of the flavonoid naringenin in the L-site. These data suggest that TvGSTO isoforms could interact with plant polyphenols released during wood degradation.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-01843732}, author = {M. SCHWARTZ and T. PERROT and E. AUBERT and S. DUMARCAY and F. FAVIER and P. GERARDIN and M. MOREL-ROUHIER and G. MULLIERT and F. SAIAG and C. DIDIERJEAN and E. GELHAYE} } @article {1717, title = { Thermal stability of Abies alba wood according to its radial position and forest management }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {76}, year = {2018}, pages = {1669-1676}, abstract = {

Most of the defects affecting heat-treated wood quality are often attributed to heterogeneous heat transfers in industrial kilns. Even if interspecific variability of wood has been reported to affect thermal degradation of the material, little has been reported on the effects of intraspecific variability. The aim of this work was to study the effect of intraspecific variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) wood on its thermal degradation. For this purpose, wood samples were sampled along the radius of cross-sections to estimate the effect of radial position on wood thermal degradation. Sampling was carried out on discs of four trees, two resulting from dynamic growth stand and two from standard growth stand. The study was performed at different scales: at wood compartments scale involving juvenile and mature heartwood, transition zone between heartwood and sapwood and sapwood as well as at intra-ring scale. Wood samples were ground to sawdust and subjected to thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis. Juvenile heartwood was shown to be more sensitive to thermal degradation than other compartments. The thermal behavior of sapwood was not particularly different from that of heartwood, and the presence of extractives did not influence significantly thermal degradation. Earlywood was more sensitive to thermal degradation than latewood explaining the higher susceptibility of fast growing heartwood containing larger rings with higher contents of earlywood.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01972741}, author = {J. HAMADA and A. PETRISSANS and J. RUELLE and F. MOTHE and F. COLIN and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1685, title = { Fast Pyrolysis of Heartwood, Sapwood, and Bark: A Complementary Application of Online Photoionization Mass Spectrometry and Conventional Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry }, journal = { ENERGY \& FUELS }, volume = {31}, year = {2017}, pages = {4078-4089}, abstract = {

Wood offers important potential for biofuel or chemical production by fast pyrolysis but exhibits variable chemical composition that impacts pyrolysis product composition. Here, fast pyrolysis of heartwood, sapwood, and bark isolated from Douglas fir (softwood) and oak (hardwood) was studied by a microfluidized bed reactor (MFBR) combined with single photoionization mass spectrometry (SPI-MS) to provide insights into the wood zone effects on the composition of pyrolysis volatiles. The difference in pyrolysis volatile composition has been clearly unraveled by principle component analysis (PCA) based on the major ions detected by SPI-MS. Some specific product markers have been defined for each wood zone (heartwood, sapwood, and bark) and related to the chemical composition of wood samples (lignin, carbohydrates, and minerals). The catalytic effect of minerals (notably potassium) has a higher impact on carbohydrate decomposition than on lignin decomposition for a given wood type. Therefore, sapwood and heartwood (for both oak and Douglas fir) can be clearly discriminated by specific markers mainly from carbohydrate pyrolysis. Interestingly, our results show that the wood cylinders exhibit a more marked wood zone effect on product compositions compared to fine powders. SPI-MS results were further compared to those of, pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), and many of them are consistent. MFBR combined with SPI-MS is a selective analytical technique to figure out the effect of wood composition on pyrolysis volatiles.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01923645}, author = {L.Y. JIA and F. BUENDIA-KANDIA and S. DUMARCAY and H. POIROT and G. MAUVIEL and P. GERARDIN and A. DUFOUR} } @article {1666, title = { Knot extractives: a model for analysing the eco-physiological factors that control the within and between-tree variability }, journal = { TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION }, volume = {31}, year = {2017}, pages = {1619-1633}, abstract = {

Abies alba knot extractive concentration increase from tree tip to living crown base and from tight to loose knot parts. The fitted model is proposed for further eco-physiological studies.

The physiological and ecological mechanisms controlling the knot richness in extractives require further investigations. We aim to design a model of the vertical distribution of the knot extractive concentrations as a prerequisite for further studies on the eco-physiological studies. At a first attempt, we use this model to test the effect of different competition situations. Fifteen Silver fir trees were sampled according to their social status within three thinning treatments. Discs containing knots were sampled according to their position in reference to the lowest living branch of each tree. Extractions were carried out with hexane and acetone successively. Extractive concentrations in both solvents as well as branch diameters were simultaneously modelled through the seemingly unrelated regression method. For all trees, knot extractive concentrations increase from the tree tip to the living crown base. According to the model, trees with the longest crowns, dominant or/and growing in the thinned stands, exhibited the largest knot extractive concentrations. The model depicted a vertical trend that strongly suggested inducing physiological factors such as protection zone, branch heartwood formation combined with compression wood formation. A strategy was proposed for the quantification of the effect of the ecological factors on the extractive concentrations of knots when these factors act either directly or indirectly via physiological factors. The model is thus an efficient tool to quantify the eco-physiological control on knot extractives.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01611443/}, author = {Z. KEBBI-BENKEDER and R. MANSO and P. GERARDIN and S. DUMARCAY and B. CHOPARD and F. COLIN} } @article {1688, title = { Resistance of thermally modified ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood under steam pressure against rot fungi, soil-inhabiting micro-organisms and termites }, journal = { EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS }, volume = {75}, year = {2017}, pages = {249-262}, abstract = {

Thermal modification processes have been developed to increase the biological durability and dimensional stability of wood. The aim of this paper was to study the influence of ThermoWood(A (R)) treatment intensity on improvement of wood decay resistance against soil-inhabiting micro-organisms, brown/white rots and termite exposures. All of the tests were carried out in the laboratory with two different complementary research materials. The main research material consisted of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood thermally modified at temperatures of 170, 200, 215 and 228 A degrees C. The reference materials were untreated ash and beech wood for decay resistance tests, untreated ash wood for soil bed tests and untreated ash, beech and pine wood for termite resistance tests. An agar block test was used to determine the resistance to two brown-rot and two white-rot fungi according to CEN/TS 15083-1 directives. Durability against soil-inhabiting micro-organisms was determined following the CEN/TS 15083-2 directives, by measuring the weight loss, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) after incubation periods of 24, 32 and 90 weeks. Finally, Reticulitermes santonensis species was used for determining the termite attack resistance by non-choice screening tests, with a size sample adjustment according to EN 117 standard directives on control samples and on samples which have previously been exposed to soil bed test. Thermal modification increased the biological durability of all samples. However, high thermal modification temperature above 215 A degrees C, represented by a wood mass loss (ML\%) due to thermal degradation of 20\%, was needed to reach resistance against decay comparable with the durability classes of \&$\#$39;\&$\#$39;durable\&$\#$39;\&$\#$39; or \&$\#$39;\&$\#$39;very durable\&$\#$39;\&$\#$39; in the soil bed test. The brown-rot and white-rot tests gave slightly better durability classes than the soil bed test. Whatever the heat treatment conditions are, thermally modified ash wood was not efficient against termite attack neither before nor after soft rot degradation.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-02179527}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. HANNOUZ and M.F. THEVENON and D. GUIBAL and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS and R. COLLET} } @article {1612, title = { Control of wood thermal treatment and its effects on decay resistance: a review }, journal = { ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE }, volume = {73}, year = {2016}, pages = {571-583}, abstract = {

Key message An efficient use of thermal treatment of wood requires a depth understanding of the chemical modifications induced. This is a prerequisite to avoid problems of process control, and to provide high quality treated wood with accurately assessed properties to the market. Properties and structural anatomy of thermally modified woods are slightly different than un-processed woods from a same wood species. So it is necessary to create or adapt new analytical methods to control their quality.

Heat treatment as a wood modification process is based on chemical degradation of wood polymer by heat transfer. It improves mainly the resistance of wood to decay and provides dimensional stability. These improvements, which come at the expense of a weakening of mechanical properties, have been extensively studied. Since a decade, researches focused mainly on the understanding of wood thermal degradation, on modelling, on quality prediction and quality control.

We aimed at reviewing the recent advances about (i) the analytical methods used to control thermal treatment; (ii) the effects on wood decay resistance and (iii) the advantages and drawbacks of a potential industrial use of wood heating.

We carried out a literature review of the main industrial methods used to evaluate the conferred wood properties, by thermal treatment. We used papers and reports published between 1970 and 2015, identified in the web of science data base..

Approximately 100 papers mostly published after 2000 were retrieved. They concentrated on: (i) wood mass loss due to thermal degradation determination, (ii) spectroscopic analyses of wood properties, (iii) colour measurements, (iv) chemical composition, (v) non-destructive mechanical assessments and (vi) use of industrial data.

One of most interesting property of heat-treated wood remains its decay resistance. Durability test with modified wood in laboratory are expensive and time-consuming. This review displays data from different analytical methods, such as spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, chemical analyses or mechanical tests that have the potential to be valuable indicators to assess the durability of heat treated wood at industrial scale. However, each method has its limits and drawbacks, such as the required investment for the equipment, reliability and accuracy of the results and ease of use at industrial scale.

}, url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532412}, author = {K. CANDELIER and M.F. THEVENON and A. PETRISSANS and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1611, title = { New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood- a review }, journal = { ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE }, volume = {73}, year = {2016}, pages = {559-570}, abstract = {

Key message Increasing environmental pressures appearing over the last few years have led to important changes in the field of wood protection. In this context, new technologies, based either on thermal or chemical modifications, suggest increasing interest in prospect of programmed ban of biocide products.

The evolution of the regulations on the use of biocide products has led to important changes in the field of wood preservation, leading to an increasing interest for non-biocide treatments like thermal or chemical modifications to face to the programmed ban of biocide products.

The paper reviews the different non-biocide alternatives developed currently on an industrial scale, highlighting their main characteristics and applications.

Different treatments have been developed on an industrial scale involving mainly thermal modifications and acetylation, furfurylation and DMDHEU constituting already available solutions.

Different non-biocide alternatives already exist and will become more important in the next decades due to the increasing legislative pressure driven by environmental considerations.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-01532342}, author = {P. GERARDIN} } @article {1628, title = { Total phenolic and lignin contents, phytochemical screening, antioxidant and fungal inhibition properties of the heartwood extractives of ten Congo Basin tree species }, journal = { ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE }, volume = {73}, year = {2016}, pages = {287-296}, abstract = {

Content and type of extractives vary considerably among woody species in the Congo Basin tropical forest. They influence the natural durability of wood with respect to fungal and insect degradation. Species containing higher amounts of extractives and Klason lignin were generally less susceptible to fungal colonization. Phenolic extractives with large anti-fungal and high antioxidant activities were the main chemical family of compounds extracted from the tested species, which suggests a potential chemical valorization of these extractives.

Several woody species from the Congo Basin are known for their natural durability, but the causes of this natural durability are not always fully elucidated. This is particularly the case for the resistance to white rotting fungi decay.

The chemical composition as well as the antioxidant activity of the heartwood extractives of several species were quantified and correlated to the ability of different fungi to colonize wood sawdusts in order to better understand their decay resistance.

The chemical screening of extracts was conducted using colorimetric methods. The quantity of lignin, extracts and total phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant activities were determined. Extracted and unextracted heartwood sawdusts were exposed to two white rot fungi to assess the effect of extractives on their colonization.

Extractives and lignin contents ranged from 2.7 to 16.0 \% and from 26.5 to 35.9 \%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was directly connected to total phenolic contents. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of different chemical groups in all extracts. Resistance to fungi was correlated to the amount of extractives and in most cases to the lignin content.

Phenolic compounds associated with antioxidant activities influenced the natural resistance of heartwood.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/LERMAB-UL/hal-01532273}, author = {S. MOUNGUENGUI and J.B.S. TCHINDA and M.K. NDIKONTAR and S. DUMARCAY and C. ATTEKE and D. PERRIN and E. GELHAYE and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1396, title = {The GSTome reflects the chemical environment of white-rot fungi.}, year = {2015}, author = {A. DEROY and F. SAIAG and Z. KEBBI-BENKEDER and N. TOUAHRI and A. HECKER and M. MOREL-ROUHIER and F. COLIN and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and E. GELHAYE} } @article {1398, title = {Heat treatment of Tunisian soft wood species: effect on the durability, chemical modifications and mechanical properties.}, journal = {Maderas-Cienc Tecnol}, volume = {17(4)}, year = {2015}, pages = {699 - 710}, author = {M. ELAIEB and K. CANDELIER and A. PETRISSANS and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1409, title = {Hydrogel-based boron salt formulations for wood preservation}, journal = {Wood Sci. Technol}, volume = {49(3)}, year = {2015}, pages = {443-456}, author = {F. OBOUNOU-AKONG and P. GERARDIN and MF. TH{\'E}VENON and C. GERARDIN-CHARBONNIER} } @article {1397, title = {Investigations on Wood Treatment by Eco-friendly Hydroxypolyurethanes}, journal = { INTERNATIONAL WOOD PRODUCTS JOURNAL }, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {31-35}, abstract = {

Dimensional stabilisation is a crucial property for using wood in most applications. Therefore an isocyanate-free route is proposed, based on the reaction of various diamines with dicarbonates obtained by addition of two glycerol carbonates moieties on a linker. For the initial experiments, the mildest conditions to perform the reaction are researched with model mono-and polyamines without wood: solvent, temperature, number of equivalent and regioselectivity were investigated. Subsequently, beech wood blocks were impregnated by a double vacuum process involving cyclic carbonates and then polyamines. The key step was a polycondensation performed in the beech blocks after the monomers had been impregnated. Resistance of treatment to leaching, anti-swelling efficiency and decay durability versus Poria placenta were evaluated. Results were promising with ASE values of about 70\% for a weight gain of approximately 30\% after leaching. Biological tests indicated also an improvement of resistance to fungal decay of beech wood.

}, url = {https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01597990}, author = {S. DUMARCAY and K. IAYCH and A. LEMOR and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1411, title = {Phenolic and lipophilic extractives in Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vries knots and stemwood}, journal = {Ind. Crop. Prod}, volume = {69}, year = {2015}, pages = {466-471}, author = {A. WIJAYANTO and S. DUMARCAY and C. GERARDIN and R. KARTIKA-SARI and W. SYAFII and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1399, title = {Quantification and characterization of knotwood extractives of 12 European softwood and hardwood species}, journal = {Ann. For. Sci}, volume = {72(2)}, year = {2015}, pages = {277-284}, author = {Z. KEBBI-BENKEDER and F. COLIN and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1393, title = {Utilization of temperature kinetic as prediction{\textquoteright}s way of a method to predict treatment intensity and corresponding wood properties of thermally modified}, journal = {Maderas-Cienc Tecnol}, year = {2015}, month = {17(2) /2015}, pages = {253-262}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. HANNOUZ and M. ELAIEB and R. COLLET and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {1207, title = {Hydrogel-based boron salt formulations for wood preservation. }, journal = {Wood Sciences Technology}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, author = {F. OBOUNOU-AKONG and P. GERARDIN and M.F. THEVENON and C. GERARDIN-CHARBONNIER} } @article {1254, title = {Modeling and numerical simulation of wood torrefaction. }, journal = {Innovation in woodworking industry and engineering design.}, volume = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {26}, author = {A. PETRISSANS and J. HAMADA and M. CHAOUCH and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1206, title = {Transcriptomic responses of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to wood extractives: focus on a new glutathione transferase. }, journal = {Appl. Environ. Microbiol. }, volume = {80}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, chapter = {6316}, author = {A. THUILLIER and K. CHIBANI and G. BELLI and E. HERRERO and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and A. KOHLER and A. DEROY and T. DHALLEINE and R. BCHINI and J.P. JACQUOT and E. GELHAYE and M. MOREL-ROUHIER} } @article {621, title = { Antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and chemical compositions of extracts from four Cameroonian woods: padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taubb), tali (Erythrophleum suaveolens), moabi (Baillonella toxisperma), and movingui }, journal = {Industrial Crops and Products}, volume = {41}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {71-77}, author = {J.B. T SAHA and D. ABIA and S. DUMARCAY and M-K. NDIKONTAR and P. GERARDIN and N. J. NGAMVENG and D. PERRIN} } @article {614, title = {The average carbon oxidation state of thermally modified wood as a marker for its decay resistance against Basidiomycetes}, journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, volume = {98}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {2140-2145}, author = {W. WILLEMS and P. GERARDIN and H. MILITZ} } @article {627, title = {Comparison of chemical composition and decay durability of heat treated wood cured under different inert atmospheres: Nitrogen or vacuum}, journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, volume = {98}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {677-681}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and L. DESHARNAIS and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {625, title = {Comparison of mechanical properties of heat treated beech wood cured under nitrogen or vacuum. }, journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, volume = {98}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {1762-1765}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {615, title = {Discoloration of dyes by hexagonia apiara fungus isolated in Gabon ans screening of enzymes on solid culture medium.}, journal = {International Journal of Current Research}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {12}, author = {S. MOUNGUENGUI and C. ATTEKE and J-B. SAHA-TCHINDA and M. KOR-NDIKONTAR and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {620, title = {Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species. }, journal = {Wood Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {663-673}, author = {M. CHAOUCH and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and M PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {626, title = {Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species. }, journal = {Wood Science and Technology}, volume = {47}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {663-673}, author = {M. CHAOUCH and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {611, title = {Hydrogels obtained from an original catanionic system for efficient formulation of boron wood-preservatives.}, journal = {International Biodeterioration \& Biodegradation}, volume = {77}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {123-126}, author = {F. OBOUNOU-AKONG and M. MUTLUB and A. PASC and S. COSGUN and P. GERARDIN and C. GERARDIN-CHARBONNIER} } @article {612, title = {New substrates and activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium Omega glutathione transferases.}, journal = {Biochimie}, volume = {95}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {336-346}, author = {E. MEUX and M. MOREL and T. LAMANT and P. GERARDIN and JP. JACQUOT and S. DUMARCAY and E. GELHAYE} } @article {613, title = {Optimization of acid pretratment in order to increase the phenolic content of Picea abies bark by surface response methodology }, journal = {BioResources}, volume = {8}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {1258-1273}, author = {X. DURET and E. FREDON and E. MASSON and L. DESHARNAIS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {629, title = {Pore size diameter, shrinkage and specific gravity evolution during the heat treatment of wood.}, journal = {Innovation in woodworking industry and engineering design}, volume = {1}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {18-25}, author = {A. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1205, title = {Selected wood properties of Prunus Africana (Hook) grown in Kenya as possible reasons for its high natural durability. }, journal = {Drvna Industrija}, volume = {64}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {19}, author = {F. MBURU and P. SIRMAH and F. MUISU and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN} } @article {623, title = {Selection and validation of enzymatic activities as functional markers in wood biotechnology and fungal ecology}, journal = {Journal of Microbiological Methods }, volume = {92}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {152-163}, author = {Y. MATHIEU and E. GELHAYE and S. DUMARCAY and P. GERARDIN and L. HARVENGT and M. BUEE} } @article {622, title = {Thermodesorption coupled to GC-MS to characterize volatiles formation kinetic during wood thermodegradation.}, journal = {Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis}, volume = {101}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, chapter = {96-102}, author = {K. CANDELIER and S. DUMARCAY and A. PETRISSANS and M. PETRISSANS and P. KAMDEM and P. GERARDIN} } @article {557, title = {Characterization of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium Glutathione Transferase Reveals a Novel Structural and Functional Class with Ligandin Properties}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, volume = {287}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {39001-39011}, author = {Y. MATHIEU and P. PROSPER and M. BUEE and S. DUMARCAY and F. FAVIER and E. GELHAYE and P. GERARDIN and L. HARVENGT and J-P. JACQUOT and T. LAMANT} } @article {559, title = {Effect of heat treatment intensity on wood chemical composition and decay durability of Pinus patula}, journal = {European Journal of Wood Sciences}, volume = {70}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {519-524}, author = {A. MOHAREB and P. SIRMAH and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {558, title = {Experimental and numerical analysis of wood thermodegradation - Mass loss kinetics}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry}, volume = {109}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {907-914}, author = {A. PETRISSANS and R. YOUNSI and M. CHAOUCH and P. GERARDIN and M. PETRISSANS} } @article {1256, title = {Influence of the heterogeneity of the raw wood material on the final quality of the heat treated wood. }, journal = {Innovation in woodworking industry and engineering design. }, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {31}, author = {J. HAMADA and A. PETRISSANS and F. MOTHE and M. FOURNIER and M. PETRISSANS and P. GERARDIN} } @article {554, title = {Prediction of breaks caused by lipophilic extractives using on-line turbidity measurement}, journal = {Nordic Pulp \& Paper Research Journal}, volume = {27}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {910-914}, author = {C. CAEL and L. DESHARNAIS and S. DUMARCAY and M.J. STEBE and T. DELAGOUTTE and A. KLEM and P. GERARDIN} } @article {560, title = {Spruce bark hydrolysis to optimize phenolic content}, journal = {Cellulose Chem. Technol.}, volume = {46}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, chapter = {541-550}, author = {X. DURET and E. FREDON and P. GERARDIN and E. MASSON} }